- Link to Lecture
- Polish Cheat Sheet PDF.
- Polish characters utf8 don't show right fix on SO.
- Polish is based on Latin alphabet and includes certain letters with diacritics:
a) Ą ą - nasal o, as French bon
b) Ć ć - cheap
c) Ę ę - nasal e, as French cinq
d) Ł ł - will
e) Ń ń - canyon
f) Ó ó - boot
g) Ś ś - sheep
h) Ż ż - vision
i) Ź ż - vision
- All of the above letters can be typed by Right Alt + English Character. Except for the last one, which is typed by Alt + x, giving Ź, as opposed to Alt + z that gives Ż.
- Polish has dimunitive forms. Which means that words can have different endings. It's a sort of endearment. Like how we have Charles and Charlie. Similarly, we can have Adam, Adaś, Adasiek, Adasik, Adaśko.
- Polish has three genders: feminine, masculine, neuter.
- Polish has 7 cases: Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, Dative, Instrumental, Locative, and Vocative.
- Online shopping: Allegro + paczkomaty
- Public transport: jakdojadę.pl / intercity.pl (for trains between cities)
- Medicine (English speaking doctors): znanylekarz.pl / gdziepolek.pl
- Emergency number for Europe is 112. Fire/Ambulance etc.
- Odmiana.net to check for cases.
- Diki.pl for translating polish to english

- Link to lecture
-

- Polish Grammar PDF by Oscar E. Swan
- Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar by Iwona Sadowska
- Polish Language Website - University of Pittsburgh

- How to pronounce Polish alphabets
- Lecture 1 PDF
- Link to page containing pronunciation of words that are different in Polish when compared to English.
- c is a /ts/ sound. Like TSUNAMI.
- ę at the end of a word is pronounced just like polish letter e.
- Ó and U have the same oo sound.
- ż is a hard sound, and ź is a softer sound. Sound from L2.
- Pronouncing dz and dzi from Lecture 18. dzi is pronounced from the front part of your mouth, as if you were smiling.
- Polish does not have the letter v. So if you want to use it, it's pronounced as /fał/.

- Shamelessly stolen from here because I can't be bothered to open a new tab, apparently.

- Link to lecture
- Lecture 2 PDF

- Pronouncing polish names.
- sz sound is श sound. Think Szampon.
- rz sound is za sound which is the same as ż which is an alphabet and you can hear how to pronounce it here. Check how to say malarz (painter).
- cz sound is च sound. Think Czesc.
- dz sound is ज sound. Like j in judge or jeans.
- ch sound is kind of like soft ख sound. Think Chleb (bread). But sometimes it can also have a ह sound. See kochać.
- Ó and U have the same oo sound.

a) że / źle
b) Lech / lecz
c) rzeka / szuka. rz is pronounced the same as ż.
d) dżudo / cudo. dż is like j in jeans, c is like /ts/
e) baco / bardzo
f) Skoda / środa
g) cztery / szeryf
h) są / sok
i) palić / palisz
j) poszła / poczta
k) łazanki / łazienka
l) groch / grosz

- Link to timestamp

- Timestamp to video.
- Refer Lecture 2 PDF notes.

- Link to lecture
- Conversations pdf
- Numbers pdf
- Name + Surname check wordwall
- Cześć, co słychać wordwall?
- Adding numbers wordwall
- Hear and match words

- świetnie +++ (Great)
- bardzo dobrze ++ (Very Good)
- dobrze + (Good)
- tak sobie - (Not great)
- źle -- (Badly)
- bardzo źle --- (Very Badly)
- fatalnie ----- (Disastrously)
- So if the question was: Jak ona się ma? which translates to "How is she?", you could reply with Ona się ma dobrze.
- Or you could reply with wszystko w porządku.
- Another similar question could be Co słychać? which would literally translate to "What's up?".

- Section timestamp.
- Jak on ma na imię? : What is his name?
- Jak ona ma na imię? : What is her name?
- On is used for males, and ona is used for females.
- So the answer could be: On nazywa się Krsysiek Bogacki in the case of males. And Ona ma na imię Anna in the case of females. We are using nazywa for the male because we know his first as well as last name. nazywa is normally used when we know both. In the case of Anna, we only know her first name, and hence we use imię.

- Section timestamp.
- Refer pdf for conversations

- Czy is used to start a question. So you can ask: Czy masz na imię Rafael? which would mean "Is your name Rafael?". It can mean or, whether, if, will. Questions starting with Czy typically have a Tak / Nie (Yes/No) answer.
- Kto. It means "Who". So you can ask: Kto mieszka w Warszawie? which would translate to "Who lives in Warsaw?".

- Section timestamp.
- Source
- Pronunciation of the numbers:
jeden 1 dwa 2 trzy 3 cztery 4 pięć 5 sześć 6 siedem 7 osiem 8 dziewięć 9 dziesięć 10

- Section timestamp
- Addresses will have a "/". As in, 10/3. The "/" is called przez.
- Email characters are pronounced differently. _ is kreska (or instead of kreska, what is preferred is podkreślnik), @ is Małpa, . is Kropka.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- Zakupy (Shopping items)
- Co słychać? wordwall.
- Unscramble days of the week wordwall.
- Arrange dialog in order wordwall.
- Co u pani słychać? wordwall.

- co nowego / co u ciebie / jak się masz: Different ways of asking "What's up?"
- jak leci: Least formal way of saying "How is it going" / "What's up?"
- co nowego?, response would be nic nowego. Meaning: "What's new?", "Nothing's new".
- tak sobie / jako tako synonyms for "so-so". Sample conversation: Co słychać? Jako tako.
- po staremu is another way of saying nic nowego. nowego means "new" and stare means "old". So where nic nowego means "nothing new", po staremu means "everything old".
- stara bieda. stara means "old", bieda means "poor". So stara bieda would mean "everything is very poor".
- wszystko w porządku means "everything is fine".
- You can say "Mam na imię Filip", or in short "Jestem Filip".
- Stadion Narodowy here Narodowy means "National". So you will see Muzeum Narodowy, Bank Narodowy.
- budynek means building. Similarly we have urząd which means "office". Think urząd miasta.

- Section timestamp
- Source.
- Days of the week:
- Pronunciations:
1) Poniedziałek Monday
2) Wtorek Tuesday
3) Środa Wednesday
4) Czwartek Thursday
5) Piątek Friday
6) Sobota Saturday
7) Niedziela Sunday
- Co dzisiaj jest? (meaning: What day is today) Dzisiaj jest piątek (meaning: Today is Friday).
- Wczoraj jest czwartek (meaning: yesterday is Thursday).
- Jutro jest sobota (meaning: Tomorrow is Saturday).

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf: Changing Verb forms
- Lecture pdf: Co Słychać
- Czasownik "być" wordwall.
- To have wordwall.
- The verb to be wordwall.

- // TODO: The last two conversations starting here are not clear.
- Mnie is another case for ja. Ja means "I". Mnie is another case of it that means the same thing. We will look at cases later in the course.
- Polish is an inflective language. It means that grammatical endings play an indispensable role in the language's grammatical system. Polish grammar, when compared to English is also very difficult. Polish uses a case system. For example, in English you can say "on the box", or "in the box", or "under the box". The word "box" stays the same irrespective of the context in which it is being used. Once you know the word "box", you can relax, you know it. In Polish, as in other Slavic languages, the word for "box" changes with the way it's used. Additionally, you have to worry about modifiers and genders that change the word further. This can result in challenges when you try to directly translate Polish to English.
- Also, word order is usually different, with the organisation of thought almost reversed from English, so that the stuff that you put at the beginning of an English sentence usually ends up at the end of a Polish sentence and vice-versa.
- Probably in your languages you don't have cases. In Polish we have 7 cases, but we only use 6. In English, the order of words is very important. In Polish not so much. Because in Polish we have endings. Only Polish and Portuguese have nasal vowels.

- Section timestamp.
- Co słychać is unofficial. Co u pana / pani słychać is official because it contains pana/pani.
- We looked at possible replies in the earlier lecture. Then if you want to ask them back, then you can say A u ciebie, or A u pana / pani? if you want to be formal.
- When someone asks Jak się masz (meaning: how are you?), we normally reply with Dobrze, a ty? (meaning: good, and you?). But when someone asks Co słychać, we don't reply with Dobrze, a ty?, instead we say Dobrze, a u ciebie?

- Section timestamp.
- Linking pdf related to this section again.
- The overarching point of the section is that in Polish verbs have different endings depending on the context in which they are being used. There is a "base" form of the verb that is called the infinitive form of the verb. In 95% of the cases, these infinitive forms end with the letter ć.
- For instance, consider the following conversation: Jak masz na imie? Mam na imię.... Here, masz and mam are two variations of the same verb mieć. But because they are being used in different contexts (used with different pronouns), the word ending changes.
- The table below shows the usage of three verbs. The heading of the column is the infinitive form of the verb. The values in the column are how that verb changes when it is being used with different personal pronouns present in the "Word" column. So for example, if you were writing "I live...", you wouldn't say "Ja mieszkam...". You would just say "Mieszkam...". The fact that you are talking about yourself is implicitly conveyed by the usage of the "am" ending of the infinitive verb mieszkać.
- Similarly if you were saying "You(plural) have...", you would just say "Macie..." and not "Wy macie..". (Read the asterisk point below). - być is an irregular form(?) and hence the word is different when compared to the other two verbs that have a regular form.
- Also note that there are only three tenses in Polish: past, present, future. Every thing that we are doing here is in the present tense only. We will look at tenses later.
- Note the words that have an *. The rules dictate that these words should be hidden when you are forming sentences. For example, you write: Mam na imię Alice, and not Ja mam na imię Alice. We don't need the "Ja" because of endings. "Mam" is typical only for "Ja". That's why it is not necessary.
- But in the case of the words without an asterisk, we have many options. If you wanted to say "She has...", you would say "Ma..", but you lost the information about whether you are referring to a "On/Ona/Ono/Pan/Pani". Hence, in that case you DO prepend the "Word" before the verb to preserve that information. So you write Ona ma na imię.
- The same logic applies to the "Oni/One/Państwo" row as well.
- Another example, suppose you wanted to ask: "What is your name?", you would say Jak masz na imię?. Now you want to ask: "What is her name?", you say: Jak ona ma na imię?. So how to answer: Ona ma na imię Eva.
- Short exercise to test your understanding of this: - Another exercise that goes over this: Section 10 and 11.

- Timestamp to section.
- In English we just have "they" when we are referring to a group. In Polish, the word changes depending on whether the group we are referring to have males or females or mixed.
- Oni is used for groups of people that contain men. One is used if the group contains only women. Even there is even a single man in the group, we use Oni. 10 women. One. 10 men. Oni. 10 million women, and one man. Guess what? Oni.

- Timestamp to section.
- For referring a man in official setting we use Pan. For referring to a woman in official setting, we use Pani. For referring to a child, we use dziecko. For referring to a group of people that contains both men and women in official setting we use państwo.
- Timestamp to section. If you are directly talking to someone, but address them using Pan/Pani, the verb would still be the On/Ona form, ie. the third person form, and not the ty form. Another example discussion. Państwo Kowalscy robią zakupy.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- Numbers wordwall.
- YT video: how to count numbers 0-99.
- Skąd jesteś? wordwall.

- Timestamp to section.
- The general rule of thumb in forming the Polish numbers 11-19 is to add -naście to the numbers 1-9. Eg. 12 would become dwa + naście = dwanaście.

- Timestamp to section
- To form these numbers, first we need to know how to pronounce the following numbers: - If we want to say the number 21 in Polish, all we need to do is add jeden to the word dwadzieścia, making dwadzieścia + jeden = dwadzieścia jeden.
- Similarly 22 is formed following the same pattern dwadzieścia + dwa = dwadzieścia dwa, as are all subsequent numbers.
- 44 would be Czterdzieści cztery.
- 58 would be Pięćdziesiąt osiem.
- 123 would be sto dwadzieścia trzy

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- Dlaczego uczysz się języka polskiego? wordwall.
- żeby czy bo wordwall
- Dlaczego? Bo/żeby wordwall.

- Jak się nazywa ulica?(meaning: What is the name of your street?). You can form similar sentences like: Jak się nazywa firma? (firma: company), Jak se nazywa kino? (meaning: movie). Answer would be like: Firma nazywa się EPAM.

- Timestamp to section.
- Dlaczego uczysz się polskiego? (meaning: Why are you learning Polish?)
- There are two options to answer questions like this:
a) You can use źeby (meaning: in order to) followed by a verb. So you can say: źeby pracować (in order to work), żeby studiować (in order to study).
b) You can use bo (meaning: because) followed by an entire sentence. So you can say: bo to moje hobby (meaning: because it's my hobby), bo studiuję w Krakowie (meaning: because I study in Krakow)
- Timestamp to wordwall exercise discussion.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- koniugacja m,sz wordwall.
- Koniugacja -m, -sz wordwall.
- Ex 1-3 homework
- Verb conjugation YT video
- Nominative Case YT Video (// TODO: Learn Polish with Monica)
- Verb conjugation: Course of Polish book snippets. (// TODO: Read the relevant chapters)
- Verb conjugation: Google docs

- Timestamp to section.
- Chcę wymienić euro (meaning: I want to exchange euros).
- jaki jest aktualny kurs euro (meaning: what is the current euro exchange rate). The response would be something like: Kupno 4,04 zł, sprzedaz 4,12 zł (meaning: Buy PLN 4.04, sell PLN 4.12)
- Note that in Polish we don't normally pronounce the ,. For instance, 4.12 in English would be "Four point one two", but in Polish, 4,12 is cztery dwanascie. This is normally the case when we are pronouncing prices. If you want, you can pronounce the , in between. , is pronounced as przecinek.

- Timestamp to section
- For my (meaning: We), the verb would also end in -my.
- For ja (meaning: I), the verb would end in -m.
- For ty (meaning: You singular), the verb would end in -sz.
- For wy (meaning: You plural), the verb would end in -cie.
- For oni/one (meaning: They male/female), the verb would end in -ją.
- For on/ona/ono (meaning: He/She/It), we are not adding anything. Instead, we remove the ending from the infinitive form.
- Timestamp to section with exercise with phrases.
- mieć is an irregular form which means "to have". See how to convert it in lecture here.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- Czasowniki - koniugacja -m, -sz wordwall.
- Koniugacja -m, -sz wordwall.
- -M-SZ wordwall.
- Koniugacja III -m, - sz wordwall.

- Timestamp to section.
- Verbs on the other page.
- A note about pronouncing. Take rozumieć for example. This is the infinitive form of the verb. If you want the Wy form, it would be rozumiecie. Pronouncing rozumieć, and pronouncing rozumiecie. Note the difference in pronunciation. Link to lecture explaining the difference. rozumieć ends with a consonant, rozumiecie ends with a vowel. It is one syllable longer.
- Another note about irregular forms. wiedzieć is an irregular form. We use the Ja form in order to form the verbs in cases like these. The ja form of wiedzieć is wiem. So the On form of wiedzieć will be wie.

- Timestamp to section.
- For when someone starts talking at you: Przepraszam, nie rozumiem. Proszę mówic wolniej (meaning: I'm sorry I do not understand. Please speak slower). wolniej means slower. Why does it use the infinitive form of the verb mówic? Because after Proszę.. we always use the infinitive form of the verb.

- Timestamp to section.
- (Ja) Czekam na siostrę (meaning: I'm waiting for my sister). Czekam is always followed by na. So if you wanted to say "We are waiting for tram", it would be: Czekamy na tramwaj, not Czekamy tramwaj.
- Codziennie wracasz do domu o piątej. Codziennie is coming from dzien, it means every day/daily. Do means "into" and o means "at". So the meaning would be: "every day you come back to home at 5".
- Czy często słuchacie muzyki jazzowej?. często means "often". So the meaning would be: Do you often listen to jazz music?

- Timestamp to section
- Coins are generally called monety and paper notes are generally called Banknoty.
- ATM is called bankomat.
- In Polish currency, the notes are called złoty and the coins are called grosz. The endings of Polish currency depending on the amount that we are talking about.
-

If the amount is 1, we use 1 złoty or 1 grosz

.
-

If the amount is either 2, 3, or 4, or ending in 2, 3 or 4, we use 2 zlote or 2 grosze

. The exception to this rule are the numbers like 12, 13, 14. For these since we do not pronounce the dwa, trzy, cztery at the end of the numbers, these take the złotyc form. Hence these are just pronounced as dwanaście złotych, trzynaście złotych, czternaście złotych. But if you had 22zł for example, it would be pronounced as dwadzieścia dwa złote. Timestamp to explanation from lecture 25. Same exception also applies if the number was 112, 113, 114 for example.
-

If the amount is 5 or greater, we use 5 złotych or 5 groszy

.
- Timestamp to lecture 25 where the same things were discussed again.
- Those highlighted in red below are the correct options:

- Timestamp to section

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- All Numbers Pronunciation PDF
- -m, -sz Hurra 1
- Mianownik
- Mianownik (HW)
- Mianownik (Another HW)
- Nominative Case YT Video

- Timestamp to section.
-

All Numbers Pronunciation PDF

- Timestamp to section. Actual explanation starts here.
- On: he, Ona: she, Ono: it
- In Polish, nouns have genders.
-

A noun will be Ona if it ends in -a

. There are exceptions where sometimes a noun can end in -o or -i and still be Ona. Eg. pani, noc.
-

A noun will be Ono if it has any of the following four endings: -o, -e, -ę, -um.

-

A noun will be On if it is ending in a consonant.

There are exceptions like dentysta, kolega that end in -a, but are On and not Ona. These exceptions will often have endings in -ta, like artista, but not always.
- In order to construct sentences as per Polish grammar rules, we need to know what the gender of a noun is. This will become important then.
- For example consider the three nouns telefon (on), ksiąsżka (ona), mieszkanie (ono). If you wanted to construct sentences using these they would differ:
a) Mój telefon jest nowy.
b) Mója ksiąsżka jest nowa.
c) Móje mieszkanie jest nowe.
- Rodzaj męski, rodzaj żeński, rodzaj nijaki meaning noun male, noun female, noun neutral resp. - A note about plurals that came up in future lectures:
Question: Why is this happening? książki ends in -i, so it should be on, but we are using it as ksiąsżki historyczne implying that it is neutral? Same for gry komputerowe. And for filmy kryminalne.
Answer: Explained in the next lecture. książki is the plural form of książka. So if we were talking about a single book, it would be treated as Ona, so we would write polska książka. But because this is a plural, we treat it like Ono, and hence we would write polskie książka.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- Co to jest? Kto to jest?
- Mianownik przymiotnik wordwall.
- Mianownik i przymiotnik wordwall.
- przymiotnik - mianownik Jaki jest?

- Timestamp to section.
- We change the endings of adjectives just like we changed the endings of nouns. So if we know the noun has the form of on/ona/ono, then we need to change the form of the adjective as well so that it has the same form as the noun, ie. on/ona/ono.
-

If the noun is of the form On, then the adjective associated with the noun will end in either -y or -i.

Normally the endings will be in -y. Eg. stary (meaning: old), dobry (meaning: good), nowy (meaning: new). The ending -i exists only when the letter preceding the -i is either "g" or "k". For example, drogi (meaning: expensive), or wysoki (meaning: high/tall). This is a general rule in Polish grammar, not just restricted to forming adjectives. Ie. after the letter "k" or "g", we never have the letter "y".
-

If the noun is of the form Ona, then the adjective associated with the noun will end in -a.

Eg. stara, droga. Note that this form does not change if the previous letter is "g" or "k". So the adjective in this form is still droga for instance.
-

If the noun is of the form Ono, then the adjective associated with the noun will end in either -e or -ie.

Normally the endings will be in -e. Eg. stare, dobre. Similar to the case with on, when the word ends in "k" or "g", we do not end in -e but end in -ie instead. So drogie, wysokie.
- Below is an example of adjectives with different endings depending on the gender of the nouns that they are being used with:

- Timestamp to section.
- The word "This..." in English changes depending on the gender of the noun that we are talking about. This is shown in left column in the below image.
-

So for instance, noun słownik (meaning: dictionary) ends in consonant, and is hence of On form. So "This dictionary..." would be Ten słownik.... Similarly, komórka (meaning: cellphone) ends in letter "a", and hence is of form ona. So "This cellphone..." would be Ta komórka.... Similarly, radio ends in letter "o" and hence is of form ono. So "This radio.." would be To radio...

- The version of the adjective ending to use is shown in the right column (same as we saw in the above section).
- So suppose you want to convert "This book is good." to Polish. How would you do it. First you look at the noun in the sentence which is ksiąsżka, and it ends with an -a, making it of the form Ona. Hence, the adjective associated with the noun as well as the word "This" will be both the Ona version. Ona version of "This" is Ta, Ona version of dobrze is dobra. So the translation would be Ta ksiąsżka jest dobra.
- "This bus is German". The noun is autobus (on), the adjective is Niemieckie, which when converted to On form would be Niemiecki (note that this is the exception case where the preceding word is k/g and hence we do not use the -y ending but instead use the -i ending). So the translation would be Ten autobus jest niemiecki.
- If you are going to use two nouns where one of them is On and the other is different, like Ono, then we have to repeat the words. For instance, you would say: Ten autobus jest nowy i ta taksówka jest stara (taksówka: meaning taxi).

- Timestamp to section.
- This can be "How?", "What?", "Which?". It's not a clear conversion. But the answer to these types of questions is always an adjective.
- Below are some examples of using adjectives with nouns. Note that the noun that is being used is in the same gender as that of the adjective. For instance, stary ends in -y and hence is of Jaki (On) form. So the noun that we should use along with this adjective should also be of the On form, ie. the noun should end in a consonant. Same rules apply for the other ones as well.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- Comprehension pdf
- Colors as Adjectives pdf

- Timestamp to section
-

Cheatsheet

that shows what we discussed in the above two lectures in one place: - Some examples of forming sentences using the above flowchart. These statements show the variation with Ten/Ta/To: - And another example. These examples show how to form sentences using Jaka/Jaki/Jakie: - The pronunciation of nowy and nowe is quite similar. The section here goes over what the difference is. The difference is very subtle when you are talking, so you can ignore the difference in that case. It is mainly when you are writing that you need to take care of it.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf
- Dialog- l.1-3 KPK wordwall
- Jaki on jest? test wordwall
- Przymiotniki (HW) wordwall
- DOPASUJ PRZYMIOTNIK DO RZECZOWNIKA (HW) wordwall

- Timestamp to section.
- Consider the two sentences: Biedronka jest tania, a Żabka jest droga and Norwegia to stary kraj. In the first sentence we changed the adjective to end in -a because it was describing Biedronka which ends in -a. But in the second case, the adjective stary is describing the kraj (country), which ends in a consonant and hence the adjective ends in -y. If we wanted to rewrite the second statement in the form of the first, we would have said: Norwegia jest stara kraj.

- Timestamp to section.
- Jak się masz? is about "How are you?". Jak się czujesz is more about "How do you feel" or "How is your health".

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf.
- Fill in the blanks doc.
- Stacja 3 - Julia ma randkę z przystojnym chłopakiem!
- Ulubiony twój wordwall. (HW)
- Mój ulubiony... wordwall. (HW).

- Timestamp to section.
- ulubiony means "favorite".
- The ending will again change depending on the noun that is being described. So we have ulubiony film "Casablanca", ulubiona muzyka jazz, ulubione ciasto sernik.
- Consider couple of other examples: ulubiony dzień tygodnia sobota, ulubiona marka samochodu (marka means "brand"). In these examples the ending of ulubion- depends on the word that is immediately following it. So we don't say ulubiona dzień tygodnia or ulubiony marka samochodu, ie. the ending of ulubion- is not being decided by either tygodnia or samochodu. You could say ulubiony samochod Toyota. Similarly we have ulubiona dyscyplina sportu boks and we can rephrase it as ulubiony sportu box.
- If you wanted to make a sentence describing yourself, then you would say something like Mój ulubiony samochod Maruti Zen, Mója ulubiona książka Catch-22, Móje ulubione miasto Kraków. Point to note is that the usage of Mój also changes depending on the ending of ulubion*.
- If you wanted to ask a question "What is your favorite car?", you would say something like: Jaki jest twój ulubiony samochod? We saw that Co translates to "What"? So why don't we use it here to form the questions? When we already have a noun in the question, we do not use Co. So we have Co lubisz? No noun in question. But here we already have a noun as samochod. So we don't use Co, and instead use Jaki. Timestamp to section with explanation.
- Similar to previous cases, the ending of Jaka will also change depending on the form of ulubion* being used. Jaki jest twój ulubiony film? Jaka jest twója ulubiona muzyka? Jakie jest twóje ulubione miasto?

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf.
- Homework Document to fill in.
- 6. Połącz w pary section.
- L8 8.2 ulubiony, -a, -e wordwall.
- koniugacja -m, -sz zdjęcia wordwall.
- koniugacja ę/y/isz (H1L3, KPK L4) wordwall.
- Koniugacja -ę, -isz / -ysz wordwall.
- Koniugacja -ę -isz + -ę -ysz myśleć, uczyć, mówić, lubić, kończyć, tańczyć, palić wordwall. (HW)
- Question: Why is this happening? książki ends in -i, so it should be on, but we are using it as ksiąsżki historyczne implying that it is neutral? Same for gry komputerowe. And for filmy kryminalne. Explained in the next lecture. książki is the plural form of książka. So if we were talking about a single book, it would be treated as Ona, so we would write polska książka. But because this is a plural, we treat it like Ono, and hence we would write polskie książka.

- Timestamp to section.
- We looked at the different ways that the endings of the verbs change in Lecture 5. Those ending are mostly for verbs that end in -ać or -eć. For example, czytać, oglądać, słuchać, rozumieć, umieć... Those were the first set of tips on changing endings of verbs.
- Now we look at second types of verb endings. This tip deals mostly with verbs that are ending in -ić or -yć. For example, lubić, mówić, myśleć, uczyć się, kończyć... Verbs like myśleć also fall into this category instead of the first one. These are mostly exceptions.
- This is what the endings look like under the new rule: - The forms of the verbs that change are the ja form, and the oni/one form.

In ja form where in the previous case we appended -m, now we append -ę. And in the case of oni/one where we appended -ją, now we just append -ą

.
- Below are some example of verbs as per these new rules:

- Timestamp to section.
- Kto płaci za lody? meaning: "Who pays for ice cream". (Base version of verb: płacić) Here za means "for". We are using płaci because Kto resolves to On/Ona form.
- Nigdy nie śpię długo meaning: "I never sleep for a long time". (Base version of verb: spać).
- Każdego popołudnia uczę się języka polskiego dwie godziny meaning: "Every afternoon I learn polish for two hours." (Base version of verb: uczyć się)
- Robimy dziś zakupy meaning: "(We) Doing today shopping". (Base version of verb: robić)
- Codziennie budzą się o siódmej meaning: "Everyday (they) wake up at seven". (Base version of verb: budzić się)
- Czym Mikołaj jeździ na uniwersytet? meaning: "What Mikołaj rides to university?". (Base version of verb: jeździć). Czym might look similar to Czy. Visually they are similar, but they mean different things. Czy is used for questions of tak/nie form. Czym would translate to "What"?. Similar to Co.
- Czy lubcie jeździć na nartach meaning: "Whether you (plural) like to ski"? jeździć we saw above means "to ride". Nartach refers to the noun "skis". So together jeździć na nartach becomes "to ski".
- Another set of examples:

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf.
- Conjugation ę-, -isz/-ysz (A1) wordwall.
- Hobby doc.
- stacja 1/5 (HW).
- Hobby wordwall.

- Dlaczego: Dlaczego uczysz się polskiego? Żeby komunicować.
- Skąd: Skąd jestes? Jestem z Indii.
- Język: Czy znasz język hiszpański? Nie.
- Imię: Jak masz na imię? Mam na imię Alice.
- Nazwisko: Jak masz na nazwisko? Mam na nazwisko Doe.
- Jaki: Jaki masz numer telefonu?
- Jaka: Jaka jest dzisiaj pogoda? (Pogoda is Ona, and hence we use Jaka).
- Jakie: Jakie jest twoje ulubione piwo? Moję ulubione piwo to czarny.
- Mówić: Mówisz po polsku? Trochę. - Ile: Ile kosztuje jabłko?

- Timestamp to section.
- If we were asking this to two people or more, this would become Ile macie lat? because of the verb conversion rules we saw before.
- If we were asking this to a man in an official setting this would become Ile pan ma lat?
- If we were asking this to two people in an official setting this would become Ile pań stwo mają lat?
- There are 3 ways that you can answer this question:
a) rok is used to reply if your age is 1 year. So we can say dziecko ma rok instead of dziecko ma jeden rok.
b) If the age ends in 2, 3, or 4, we use lata to answer. So you would say Ona ma dwadzieścia dwa lata, or On ma sto cztery lata. The exception to this rule are the ages 12, 13, 14. The reason is that while in the case of 22, we are pronouncing the dwa at the end of the number, in the case of 12, 13, 14 we are NOT pronouncing the 2, 3, 4 in the end respectively (dwanaście, trzynaście, czternaście). In the case of 12, 13, 14, we use lat.
c) Else: we use lat to answer.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture pdf.
- 9_Jak myślisz, ile on/ona ma lat? wordwall.
- On jest... wordwall.
- Hobby (co pasuje) wordwall.
- Stacja 2: Section 2 and 4. They write it like this: stacja 2/2,4
- Learning apps - read q and a (HW).
- PDF to fill and send (HW).
- Learn Polish Grammatical Cases
- Noun declension: Summary of endings Course of Polish link.
- Czesław Miłosz Polish Poet

- Example set from Wordwall: - Examples of making sentences: - Random info: the term studentką is used only for university students. If someone is in high-school (Polish word for which is: liceum), we use a different word and not studentką. What is the different word? IDK.
- Another interesting thing: the endings of the names of people change as well. Timestamp to discussion. So for example, if we want to say "I know Raj", in Polish we would say znam Raja. This change of noun depends upon either the verb or the preposition. Refer the last two links in the references section of the lecture to read about it. We will be covering this in future lectures though.

- Link to lecture.
- Kim jestes zawodu word doc.
- Czym się interesujesz word doc.
- Combined above two and (mostly) filled word doc.
- Pracuje???? (HW).
- Hobbies wordwall crossword (HW).
- Jobs wordwall (HW).
- Convert male and female forms of nouns (HW).

- Timestamp to section.
- A question would be like: Czy umiesz jeździć na nartach? meaning "Can you ski"? Since it is a Czy question, the answer would be of Tak/Nie form. So the answer would be Nie umiem jeździć na nartach.

- Timestamp to section.
- Kim pan/pani jest z zawodu? means "What's your job?" So if you look at the literal translation of Kim, it is "Who". It does not make much sense asking "Who is your job?" The literal translation here is "Who are you by profession?", in other words, "What's your job" So how do you reply?
-

Suppose you were an aktor, which is of the On form since it ends in a consonant, you would say Jestem aktorem. But if you were an actoress, you would be aktorka, which is of the Ona form since it ends in -a, in which case you would say Jestem aktorką. Similarly, if you were a lekarz (doctor), it would be Jestem lekarzem, and if you were a kelnerka, it would be Jestem kelnerką

.
- So there are actually two things going on simultaneously here. If you were doing movies and stuff, you would call yourself aktor or aktorka, depending on whether you were male or female respectively. This is the step 1 change in the "base" word that we are doing. Then, if someone came along and asked you Kim pan/pani jest z zawodu?, you would say Jestem aktorem or Jestem aktorką respectively. And this is the step 2 change in the ending of the word that we are doing.
- Compare this to something like informatyk that does not have a separate female form. So irrespective of whether it was a guy or girl saying it, the word after the step 1 change we saw above would stay the same. So both men and women would say Jestem informatykem, and that is because informatyk ends with a -k, which is a consonant, and hence is of the On form.

- Timestamp to section.
- We will be looking at masculine and feminine

forms of some nouns and see how they change depending on the endings of the words

.

- Timestamp to section.
- Czym się interesujesz would mean: "What are you interested in?" The answer would be something like Interesuję się historią. Again, the ending of the noun would change depending on the gender of the noun being used.
-

If the noun is male or neutral, we would add -em to it's ending. If the noun is female, we would remove -a and add -ą

.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 19 PDF.
- Zawody i narodowości wordwall.
- s.1-5- please choose one person and describe (writing)

- Person: - Jak on ma na nazwisko? On ma na nazwisko Jonson.
- Skąd on jest? On jest z USA.
- Gdzie on mieszka? On mieszka w Chicago.
- Jaki on jest? Jaki jest energiczny, wysoki, i pięknym.
- Jaki on zna język? On zna język hiszpański.
- Czym on się interesuje? Interesuje się fotografią i matematyką.
- Co on lubi robisz? On lubi grać na gitarze.

- Final answers.
-

TODO:

Question: What is the first word that we should look at when we are deciding what endings should we look at?
-

TODO:

Question: Mahatma Gandhi był Hindusem pacyfistą i politykiem. Why is one ending female (pacyfistą) and the other one male (politykiem)?
-

TODO:

Question: Maria była Polką chemiczką i fizyczką but Mikolą był Polakiem astronomem. Why two different endings - Polką and Polakiem? Aren't these endings of the adjectives supposed to NOT depend on the gender of the person that they are describing but instead depend upon the gender of the base form of the adjective itself or something??

- Timestamp to section.
- We say Jestem Francuzką but Jestem Niemcem. The endings change because of the same rules that we followed when changing the endings of the profession in the previous lecture. You could use the simple form like Jestem z Francii, Jestem z Polski as well.
- In general, when we are using the verb jest (meaning: to be), we need to change the endings of the nouns. Two possible endings over here: -ą or -em.
- So we don't say: Ona jest studentka, instead we say Ona jest studentką. This is because we are using the verb jest and we are not using To.
- So if we were asking Kto to jest? we would answer like To jest Anna. To jest studentka (we saw how we change endings for Ten/Ta/To earlier in Lecture 12). Kto is used when we are literally asking about who that particular person is. Kim is used when we want some more info regarding the person. So in such cases we would ask Kim ona jest? which we would answer like Ona jest studentką, or On jest biznesmenem , or Ona jest lekarką. We are changing the endings.
- TODO: I really don't know what is going on here. Why are we doing what we are doing?
- Here are some more examples of usage of the two formats. Jest/Jesteś/Jestesmy always need to have the endings changed. So we would say Jędruś jest sympatycznym dzieckiem but Jędruś to sympatycznye dziecko.
- Few exceptions: for instance number 4, it's Adam jest wysportowanym mężczyną because the basic form of the last word is mężczyna, hence we write it as mężczyną and not mężczynem or something like that. So in this case it is only the adjective wysportowany that is converted into it's masculine form. Same for number 6, base form of noun is poeta, so it gets changed to poetą. Only the adjective dobry gets converted to the masculine form of dobrym. Timestamp to explanation.
- Timestamp to discussion of below image.

- Timestamp to section.
- Co and Czym translate to the same word "What" but they are used differently. Similar to what we saw with Kto/Kim above.
- After interesujesz we always need a noun. So we can't say interesujesz czytać instead we say interesujesz literaturą. After lubię we can have a verb, and hence we can say lubię czytać.
- The ending would change while answering Czym się interesujesz. We already saw this in the previous lecture.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 20 PDF.
- Czym się interesujesz? wordwall.
- HW Doc pdf.

- Timestamp to section.
- Some places you will see words are like samolotami, językami, zwierzętami. These are just the plural forms of the words samolot, język, zwierzę. Irrespective of whether the noun is of the form On/Ona/Ono, the plural form will end in -ami. (TODO: Will it though? I don't think this is correct?)
- Timestamp. It's Mój ulubiony owoc to jabłko Why? Because Owoc is On (ends in consonant). Hence we need to adjust. Moja ulubiona kawa to ... because kawa is Ona (ends in -a). Moje ulubione miasto to ... because miasto is neutral.
- Timestamp. Lech Wałesa jest polskim politykiem i byłym prezydentem. But we have Politechnika jest dobrym uniwersytetem. From what I understand, in the first example, we are converting all the nouns to the male form because Lech Wałesa is male. So it is that word which is deciding that the statement should have all the verbs in the male form. But in the second example, it seems it is uniwersytetem that is deciding? Because going by the logic in the first example, Politechnika is Ona, and hence the statement should have been Politechnika jest dobrą uniwersytetą? But it isn't?
- Why? Timestamp. For people we adjust the name and the function for male and female. For example, we have aktor and aktorka. So when we are referring to persons, like through their profession, we change the nouns depending on the gender of the person. But for the things that are not describing people, like uniwersytet, it is always male by default. So another example, we have polak to describe Polish men, but polka to describe Polish women. Samochod, dom, .. these are all male by default.

- Timestamp to section.
- Ona jest piosenkarką. Ona interesuje się teatrem. Note the endings. We have piosenkarką ending in -ą, but teatrem ending in -em. Why?

Explanation timestamp

. Piosenkarka is describing _her_. So we change the ending to Piosenkarką. Had it been a male singer, we would have changed the ending to Piosenkarz and written On jest piosenkarz. In the case of the second statement, we are not describing her, as in we are not saying "she is a theater". And that is why teatr changes to teatrem, since teatr is male.
- Similarly, consider Ona jest matematyczką. Basic form is matematyczka. Since we are describing a female mathematician, it becomes Ona jest matematyczką. Ona interesuje się matematyką. matematyka is the basic form, which is female, and hence we added the -ą ending. Even if we were describing a male mathematician, the ending of the second sentence would not change, and we would still have written On interesuje się matematyką. So suppose it was a male mathematician, the two sentences would have become: On jest matematykiem. On interesuje się matematyką.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 21 PDF.
- Verb conjugation google docs (same one we have used in previous lectures).
- Dlaczego...? Bo... wordwall.
- koniugacja ę, esz.
- Section 1 and 3.
- Co pasuje? (Koniugacje) HW wordwall.
- koniugacje HW wordwall.

- Timestamp to section.
- Sentences using Dlaczego.

- Timestamp to section.
- Image that was discussed along with the options.

- Timestamp to section.
- We have three different forms of endings of verbs in the present tense. First one we saw in Lecture 5 was (mostly) for the verbs ending in -ać and -eć. There we got rid of the -ć and instead added the new ending. The second one we saw in Lecture 15 was (mostly) for the verbs ending in -ić and -yć. There again we got rid of the -ć and instead added the new ending. The only difference in the endings compared to Part 1 was in the ja and oni/one form. In the case of ja, in Part 1 we added -m, in Part 2 we added -ę. In the case of oni/one, in Part 1 we added -ją, in Part two we added -ą.
- Part 3 concerns with the rest of the verbs that don't fall in the above two categories. The difference compared to above two is in the ty form. While in parts 1 and 2 we were adding -sz or -ysz, in Part 3 we add -esz.
- Some of the verbs that fall into this category are verbs ending in -ować. These are often verbs imported from other languages, like dyskutować, parkować, malować, spacerować, pracować. How do we change the endings of these verbs? We get rid of the -ować. In its place we add the word -uj- and then we add the remaining ending.
-

Rules for all the 3 parts from the google doc linked above.

The base form of the verbs in number 3 are: brać, pracować and gotować.
- Bringing it all together: so what is important to keep in mind is the following table. This is how we change the endings. Apart from this, there can be some changes in the middle but those are the exceptions.
- For ja, the two possible endings are -m/-ę (czytam/robię)
- For ty, the ending is always -sz
- For on/ona/ono/pan/pani, the ending can be -a/-e/-i/-y (czyta/pracuje/robi/uczy)
- For my, the ending is always -my
- For wy, the ending is always -cie
- For oni/one/panie/panowie/państwo, the ending is always -ą
- Example of verb endings using the above logic: - Section 3. Zaznacz, co oni mówią? here for some more examples. Note from the discussion in this exercise, if there is a question like Kto... (Who?), it means we are talking in the third person, and hence we will use the on/ona/ono form of the verb. Timestamp to discussion.
- Example from Lecture 25: Rodzina rossini często podróżuje. Rodzina means "family" and it is On/Ona form.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 22 PDF.
- HW Doc PDF.
- Koniugacja 1 (-ować) wordwall.
- Koniugacje wordwall.
- Dopasuj czasownik do osoby (wszystkie koniugacje) wordwall.
- Endings of verbs HW.
- 11_Koniugacje - formy JA (gra) wordwall.

- Some exceptions in the below examples. Like for the ja form, spać becomes śpię, but grać stays as gram.

- // TODO

- Timestamp to section
- Source (ZAWSZE TŁUMACZĘ POLSKIE SŁOWA!)
- Zawsze: Always
- Zwykle/Generalnie: Usually
- Często: Often
- Czasami: Sometimes
- Rzadko: Rarely
- Nigdy: Never
- We normally use these to ask questions like: Jak często chodzić do kina?, Jak często czytać ksiaszki

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 23 PDF.
- jak często? wordwall.
- Jak często? wordwalll.
- Jak często? wordwall.
- Co lubisz robić? HW wordwall.
- Co lubisz robić? LITEROWANIE wordwall.
- Sections 1 and 9.

- Timestamp to section
- Jak często chodzisz do muzeum?, Jak często jeździsz taksówką? (taxi), Ja często pracujesz, Jak często jeździsz na nartach?, Jak często spotykasz się z kolegami.
- Timestamp to discussion with wordwall filling in the sentences in order that answer questions using często.
- Często chodzę do kina, bo bardzo interesuję się kinem.
- Marek bardzo rzadko ogląda telewizję, ale lubi oglądać seriale na Netfliskie.
- Moi rodzice nigdy nie pracują w weekendy.
- Od czasu do czasu chodzimy z córką na basen.
- Rzadko chodzę na koncerty do filharmonii, bo nie interesuję się muzyką klasyczną
- Czy ty naprawdę co tydzień grasz w tenisa? This form is also correct though: Czy ty naprawdę grasz w tenisa co tydzień?
- Co zwykle robicie, kiedy macie dużo wolnego czasu?
- Czasem czytamy wiadomości po polsku
- W weekend zawsze spotykam się z kolegami.
- Nasze koleżanki często tańczą i śpiewają.

- Timestamp to section
- Czy lubi pan kino? in case you want to ask someone a question in an official way: Do you like cinema?

- Timestamp to section
- (1) is Ty form. The verb can only end in -sz. Hence we have only one option: interesujesz się muzyką i lubisz śpiewać.
- (3) is brat meaning brother. Hence, on will be used in the column 4 option.
- (5) is Ja form. The verb will end in -ę. Hence we have only one option: interesuję się literaturą i lubię czytać. Jestem wspaniałą kobietą.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 24 PDF.
- HW PDF.
- Lubię ... Interesuję się ... wordwall.
- Stacja 1/8

- Timestamp to section.
- Few words in the below example end in -mi. Recall that this is because they are the plural forms of the respective words.
- If you wanted to say "I am interested in Polish movies", you would say: Interesuję się polskymi filmami. "I am interested in travel" would become Interesuję się podróżami. The noun is podróż, we are converting it to podróżami. "I am interested in animals" becomes Interesuję się zwierzętami.

- Timestamp to section.
- // TODO

- Timestamp to section.
-

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 25 PDF.
- 4. Która forma jest dobra?
- Lekcje 1-4 KPK wordwall.
- Pieniądze, ile to kosztuje.
- Another: Pieniądze, ile to kosztuje.

- Timestamp to section.
- Bardzo dobrze mówię po niemiecku
- Czy dobrze znasz francuski?
- Dzisiaj jest poniedziałek
- W sobotę nie pracujemy
- Jak się mówi po polsku "question"?
- uczę się polskiego, bo moja dziewczyna jest z Polski
- Rynek jest na prawo
- Warszawa to stolica Polski. Polski here is noun. We can write the same sentence in another way. We would need to change the noun to adjective. So it would be Warszawa to Polska stolica.
- Antonio jest z Włoch, ale mieszka w Krakowie.
- Nie rozumiem, co to znaczy: "I don't understand what that means"
- Jak się nazywa ta rzeka?
- Ile kosztuje to mieszkanie?
- Czy oglądasz ten nowy film?
- Berlin to duże i drogie miasto.
- Mam czas w ten weekend. "I have time this weekend".

- Timestamp to section.
-

- Timestamp to section.
- Note example number 4 below. Lekcje is the plural form of Lekcja, hence we use są and not jest. Timestamp to explanation.
- Similarly for example 5, rodzice means parents, as in plural. So it is Polakami. Had it been a single person we were talking about then we would have selected the other option. For instance: Mój tata jest Polakiem. (Singular)

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 26 PDF.
- 14_Liczebniki 1-1000
- Slideshow for Wszystkich Świętych
- W sklepie wordwall.
- W Sklepie (HW) wordwall.
- W Sklepie (Another HW) wordwall.
- Put sentences in order sklepie.

- Link to lecture.
- Bardzo mi przykro. When someone is giving bad news then we use this to say something like "I am sorry to hear that". Along similar lines we have Moje kondolencje which we use when someone passes away.
- Cukierek albo psikus! is the Polish version of "Trick or Treat!"

- Timestamp to section.
- cukiernia is normally a shop that sells only sweet items like cakes and stuff. piekarnia is something that sells cakes, and bread, and croissants, and bułka and rogal, and others.

- Timestamp to section.
- Czy ma Pan drobne. Your total is 5zł, but you give the cashier 100zł. Cashier would say "Do you have change?" This is what this is.
- Prosze, reszta will be said by the cashier to say "Here is the rest of your change". Comma is used here as a means to showing that the cashier is giving something instead of the case in Proszę torbę where the client was asking something and did not have a comma over there.
- If you wanted to ask the cost of the total contents of the cart, you would say Ile płace? and if you wanted to ask the cost of a specific item you would say ile kosztuje.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 27 PDF.
- Jaki to sklep? wordwall.
- Galeria Handlowa quiz wordwall.
- W sklepie (słownictwo) wordwall.
- Gofry na jarmarku- dialog wordwall.

- Timestamp to section.
- What are the names of these items:

- Jarmark is the fair that is organised on Christmas. Shops are set out. You can buy stuff.
- Z czym mają być gofry? magically converts to "What should the waffles be served with?".
- czy ma pan drobne means "do you have any change?"
- Smacznego means "Enjoy your meal".
- zapraszamy ponownie means "We welcome you to our shop again".
- Niestety nie means "Unfortunately not".
- bitą śmietana meaning "whipped cream".

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 28 PDF.
- Torba HW PDF.
- CO TO JEST? wordwall.
- W sklepie wordwall.
- Działy wordwall.
- Grzane wino na jarmarku- dialog wordwall.

-

- Timestamp to section discussion.
- Grzane Wino means "hot wine". Special kind of wine.
- Jaki Smak? means "what flavor?"
- A czy jest bezalkoholowe? meaning "And is it non-alcoholic?"
- Tak mamy bezalkoholowy poncz meaning "Yes we have non-alcoholic punch".
- To prosze jeszcze jeden poncz meaning "One more punch, please". Jeszcze jeden means "another". We have seen Jeszcze in Coś jeszcze? meaning "Something else?"
- Kaucja za każdy kubek to 15zl. Kaucja means "deposit" and każdy means "each". So the sentence means: "The deposit for each cup is PLN 15."

- Timestamp to section.
- chciałbym zapłacic meaning: "I would like to pay".
- W czym mogę pomóc? meaning: "How can I help you?" pomóc means "to be of assistance".
- Szukam albumu o Polsce, to prezent dla obcokrajowca. meaning: "I'm looking for an album about Poland, it's a gift for a foreigner."
- może has two meaninigs "maybe" or "can". In A czy może mi pani coś polecić it is doing the work of "can". Meaning: "Can you recommend something to me?"
- Ten ma piękne zdjęcia i jest po angielsku meaning: "This one has beautiful photos and is in English".
- ból gardła means "sore throat". coś na ból gardła means "something for a sore throat".
- chleb żytni is a type of dark bread. kajzerek jest mała bułka. Very popular in Poland. Kaiser roll. kawałek tego ciasta meaning: "piece of this cake".
- Te są za ciasne. meaning: "these are too tight".

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 29 PDF.
- Polska wordwall.
- wszystkie koniugacje _łatwe wordwall.
- koniugacje wordwall.
- MÓJ DZIEŃ wordwall.
- Biernik test wordwall (HW).
- stacja 1/3,4 (HW).

- Timestamp to section.

- Timestamp to section.

- Timestamp to section
- This is also known as the accusative case.
- In the Accusative case, the following question words are used: Kogo, Co. Kogo "who" refers to people; co "what" refers to things.
- Whenever we have a "Subject - Verb - Object", we need to change the "Object" according to the below rules.

// TODO: Come back and write the explanation down once it makes some sense.

- Look at the "Ono" example above. The example is Lubie stare, polskie kino. In the Ono form, we do not make any changes to the noun or the adjective. But the base form of the adjective is stary and polski. But in the example, we are writing stare, polskie. Why? This is because of the rules that we looked at in Lecture 11: Changing endings of adjectives. The noun here is kino which ends in -o and is hence Ono. Hence, the adjective associated with it should end in -e as per the rules in Lecture 11. Hence, the "base form" (in quotes because the base form itself in this case is the changed form) is stare, polskie, and we do not make any changes to this base form. And hence the sentence becomes lubie stare, polskie kino and not lubie stary, polski kino.
- Similarly for the "Ona" example. The sentence is Lubimy polską literaturę i nową koleżankę. To construct this sentence, we first recognize that the base form of the nouns being used here are literatura and koleżanka, both of which are Ona form since they end in -a. Hence, the adjectives associated with the nouns should also end in -a as per Lecture 11. Hence, the adjective would be polska and nowa, which is the Ona form. As per the table above, if the adjective is the Ona form, we change the ending to -ą, making it polską and nową, and we change the noun to end in -ę making it literaturę and koleżankę.
- For the "On" example, we have two options. Depending on the noun that we are talking about is living or not-living. Robert ma nowy samochód, Patricia i Oskar mają parasol. We are not changing anything and it is the same as the Ono case that we looked above. If the noun is living, the adjective gets appended with -ego and the noun gets appended with -a. Eg: Michał ma młodszego brata, Mam czarnego kota. There is another option in the table above for On form where we are appending -ę to the noun. This is for the exception cases when the masculine form of the nouns ends with -a. Like kolega, artista, dentista for example. So we change these nouns in the same way as we do the feminine nouns.
- Some examples following the above rule.

Note the last example

. The grammatically correct sentence is Ja mam brata i siostrę. This is because brat is the noun, which in the base form is On form, and it is living, so it becomes brata. Siostra is the noun in base form, and it is Ona form because it ends in -a, and so we change it to siostrę.
- Discussion from Lecture 30. The overall thing to understand is that there are two layers of conversion that are going on over here. You have the base form of the adjective and the noun that you find in the online dictionary. The first layer of conversion is as per L11. Ie. noun is of On form, adjective gets appended with -y, noun is of Ona form, adjective gets appended with -a, noun is of Ono form, adjective gets appended with -e. So for instance you have ciekawy film (On), nowa książka (Ona), dobre wino (Ono). This now acts as the base form for the second layer of conversion that is brought about by the presence of the verb. So for instance, lubię ciekawy film (On, not living), lubię nową książkę (Ona), lubię dobre wino (Ono).

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 30 Accusative Case PDF.
- Lecture 30 Food Items PDF.
- BIERNIK wordwall.
- Biernik 2 wordwall.
- Śniadanie wordwall (HW).
- Na śniadanie wordwall (HW).
- śniadanie accusative wordwall (HW).

- Timestamp to section.
-

Question:

In number D, why is it converting to Muzykę pop? In fact, why is the base form Muzyka pop? Shouldn't it be "Muzyky pop" since pop is On form? (In one of the later exercises we see Lubię muzykę rockową. So I think something similar is happening here.I think this is because pop is working as the adjective in the above sentence and Muzyka is the noun. Well then shouldn't the base form be Muzyka popa?).
- Some more examples:

- Timestamp to section.
- jesteś głodny? means: Are you hungry?
- Posiłki means "meals". - Some examples of things that you can eat: - Forming sentences in the Accusative form using some things that you would eat for sniadanie.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 31 PDF.
- Example sniadanie of countries google doc.
- Biernik l. poj. wordwall.
- Biernik - zdania wordwall.
- stacja 2/2,6,7,8
- Narzędnik + Biernik A1.1 wordwall. (HW)
- Biernik, narzędnik czy mianownik? (HW)
- Jaki? Jabłkowy. -OWY, -OWA, -OWE (HW).

- Timestamp to section.
- Timestamp to discussion about Mam sok jabłkowy. The base word is jabłko. But we don't say sok jabłko because both will be nouns in this case. In order to describe sok, we modify jabłko to jabłkowy thus making it an adjective. So when we are changing the endings as per the accusative case rules, the base form of the word will be jabłkowy. And the adjective will once again change based on the male/female noun. So it will be herbata jabłkowa.

- kieliszek is glass but specifically for alcohol.

- Timestamp to section.
- We saw how to change endings for Kogo/Co in Lecture 29 Accusative case.

For changing the endings with z we use the same rules that we used for Czym back in Lecture 18. (So if the noun is male or neutral, the ending gets changed to -em and if the noun is female we append -ą). For plural, we append -ami. For instance, in number 4 we have grzybami and in number 5 we have ziemniakami.

- Timestamp to section.
- Here bananowy in sok bananowy is an adjective that describes the taste of the juice. Hence, its ending needs to be changed as per the rules for changing adjective endings that we have already seen. So we get sok bananowy and dżem bananowy ending in -owy because sok is male. We get ciasto bananowe ending in -owe because ciasto is neutral. If the noun was female, then we would have an ending in -owa.
- Note that this is showing how the "basic" form is being formed. If you were adding verbs to these changes, then you would say for instance piję herbatę truskawoką. This is going back to the discussion we had in Lecture 29 where we said that there are two layers of conversion that are happening. The below changes are describing how to do the changes in the first of those two layers. - Some examples from Lecture 32:

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 32 PDF.
- Co wolisz? wordwall.
- Lekcja 8 naczynia
- stacja 3/4,5
- Śniadanie, obiad, kolacja wordwall (HW).
- pic jeść woleć wordwall (HW).

- Timestamp to section.
- ranny ptaszek czy sowa: Are you a morning bird or a night owl?
- impreza czy spokojny wieczor w domu: party or a quiet evening at home.
- Some utensils:

- We now see some sentences where we are now combining the three rules that we have looked at:
a) Changing endings of verbs in Lecture 21.
b) Changing endings of adjectives and nouns in Lecture 29 (Accusative case rules).
c) Changing endings of nouns based on z in Lecture 31.

- Timestamp to section.
- Then there's whatever this discussion was: search for 5. Kulinarny quiz.. Timestamp to discussion.

- Sniadanie, Obiad, i Kolacja

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 33 PDF.
- stacja 3/6 + mówienie
- Obiad wordwall.
- działy w supermarkecie wordwall
- Warzywa wordwall (HW).
- narzędnik wordwall (HW).

// TODO: What's going on here????

Parts of it get discussed in L 36 here.
- Narzędnik - Z czym jest ta kanapka? wordwall (HW).
- Pizza - Z czym jest ta pizza? wordwall (HW).

- Order of words in Polish is not strict. For example, you could also have written the first sentence as Dzisiaj jem na obiad makaron z sosem. For the second sentence you could have written Lubię na obiad jeść zupę pomidorową. - Forming sentences with endings:

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 34 PDF.
- HW PDF.
- Liczba mnoga rzeczowników - narzędnik wordwall.
- Biernik i narzędnik wordwall.
- Biernik vs Narzędnik (pytania) wordwall.
- Owoce i warzywa.
- OWOCE I WARZYWA wordwall (HW) .
- Smaki wordwall (HW).

- Timestamp to discussion.
- interesuje się is verb plus the question Kim/Czym. Hence, we change the endings as per that. If we used lubi instead, it would have been lubię Karolinę. Also note that when you are using interesuje się, it always needs to be followed by a noun. If you want to use a verb, you need to use lubie. This discussion a bit further on in the lecture explains how to form the same sentence using each of those words. Jako dziecko lubie czytać książki i lubie grać cricketa. Jako dziecko interesuje się ksiązkami i cricketem.
- If we wanted to form a question about 1, we would say Co lubi Monika. For 6 we would say, Czym Marek pije herbatę. Because the answer has z, we need to use Czym, and because the answer is a noun, we cannot use Jaka, Jaki, Jakie because the answers to those questions is always an adjective.

- Timestamp to discussion.
- // TODO:

Goes over questions that start with Co and Czym

and how to form answers. Basically when do we change the endings of the nouns and to what, and why..
Kim/Czym: Ona jest braziliką, On jest polakiem
Co: On ma duzego kota, Ona ma nową ksiąszka

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 35 PDF.
- Pytania - polski kpk A1 1-9 wordwall.
- Mianownik, liczba mnoga wordwall.
- stacja 3/1,2,3 (HW).

- Timestamp to section.
- Q1) To jest will be followed by the basic form. z will follow the Czym rules like we saw in Lecture 31. So cytraną, cukrem, mlekiem.
- Q2) Kto to jest / Co to jest will use the basic form. We can form the sentence using On jest ... as well, but since we don't have to, we will have to change the ending to On jest inżynierem.
- Q4) In Polish, if someone says just dziękuję, it will mean "no". So if someone says Czy ty chcę kawe and you reply with dziękuję, it is implied that you said that you don't want coffee.
- Q5) Like we saw in Q1, pizza z ananasem for On, pizza z cebulą for Ona.
- Q7) Poproszę is Co, so we need to change kawa to kawę.
- Q8) Compared to Q2, had it been Kto to jest? we would have used the basic form like To jest nauczycielka. But since this is Kim ona jest?, we need to change the form.
- Q14) Wolę will have the same structure as Lubię, Mam, Chcę. sok is not alive, so no changes there. niż means "then". So "I prefer coffee then juice".
- Q15) Should have been Poproszę kanapkę z ... rest everything is all right.
- Q16) On jest dentysta, ends with -a, so we change it to On jest dentystą. Other normal versions would have been like On jest lekarzem, On jest stomatologiem. But On jest artistą, On jest programistą.

- Timestamp to section.
- The plural form of nouns that are neutral will always end in -a. For eg: krzesło is singular, krzesła is plural. mieszkanie is singular, mieszkania is plural.
- The plural form of nouns that are On/Ona will change the same way. There are three different rules in these cases.
- The basic rule is that the plural ends in -y. For eg: długopis is On and singular. długopisy is plural. komputer, komputery. lampa, lampy.
- After k and g we cannot have y. Hence, in the second rule we append -i instead of -y. For eg: książka becomes książki, koleżanka becomes koleżanki, kubek becomes kubki (we reduce it?!)
- Then there is rule 3 that is the cse when words end in the endings mentioned in the image. In those cases we append -e to the plural forms. Eg: pomarańcza becomes pomarańcze, brzoskwinia becomes brzoskwinie because even though it is written as ni, the sound is the same as ń which would fall in rule 3 and hence the change is done according to that.
- The adjective describing the plural noun will also change but it always changes in the same way irrespective of whether the noun following it is male/female/neutral. The adjective would always be appended in -e.

- Timestamp to section.

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 36 PDF.
- Mianownik liczba mnoga. Proszę pogrupować. wordwall.
- mianownik - rodzaj niemęskoosobowy wordwall.
- Na targu (liczba mnoga) wordwall (HW).
- stacja 2/3,6 (HW).

- Write the plurals of the following words: - Group the following words under the endings that will be used in their plural forms.

- Timestamp to section.

- Timestamp to section. - Polecam: to recommend. Oczywiście: of course. Dla mnie: for me. Mam ochotę na: I would like (mostly used with food and drink). zapraszam cię: I invite you. chętnie: gladly, happily. poznam: to get to know. Co podać: what can I serve you/get you?

- Link to lecture.
- Lecture 37 PDF.
- All declinations.

All declinations in one place PDF

- IDK what to do with this one.
- Biernik, narzędnik plural wordwall.
- Polska Kuchnia slideshow.
- Restauracja wordwall.